>> Oh, hello.

Imhof here.

Sorry about that.

You caught me in the middle of a STEM challenge that I like to do with my classes.

My name is Ms.

Imhof, and I am a social-studies and science teacher at Oak Valley Elementary in Deptford Township, New Jersey, which is located in South Jersey, not far from Philadelphia.

Go, Spartans.

And I just want to first give a huge shout-out to all my students.

I miss you so much.

And I also miss all my fellow teachers and the staff of my school.

And I hope everybody is safe and well, and I hope to see you soon.

Today, we're going to learn about one of my favorite topics, Newton's three laws of motion.

If you don't know anything about that topic, don't worry at all, because we're going to learn all about it today, and we're going to do some fun activities to show you the three laws of motion.

And those are activities that you can actually try at home.

Here are the materials that you're going to need.

Paper -- any type of paper.

Could be from a notebook.

It could be lined paper.

It could be printer paper.

It could be construction paper.

Pen or pencil.

And then, if you have it, some tape of any kind.

And some coins or anything else to give what we're making some weight.

Okay?

♪♪ ♪♪ ♪♪ ♪♪ ♪♪ Now that you have your materials, let's get started.

We're going to talk today about motion.

What is motion?

Motion is movement, moving.

There is motion all around you.

You could be moving right now or you could be standing very still or sitting still.

So there's motion all around you.

Have you ever thought about why objects move, what causes them to move?

That's what we're going to talk about today.

There was a scientist in the 1600s that thought a lot about why and how things move.

His name was Isaac Newton.

And because of him, we have a pretty good idea about how most objects in the whole world and in space move.

So, Newton came up with some great ideas about how and why things move.

And scientists over the years have tested his ideas over and over in different ways, with different objects on Earth, in space, and, every time, it's been proven to be true.

That is why they are called laws.

And science has laws.

Laws are things that are proven to be true over and over by different scientists in controlled experiments.

Before we talk about Newton's three laws of motion, we need to talk about force.

A force in science is any push or pull on an object.

As you can see, I just pushed the door open.

Now I'm going to pull it.

Push... pull... push, pull.

Pu-- Enough of that.

So, as you can see, I applied a force and made this object, the door, move.

And that happens with all objects.

There are many different forces that cause objects to either stay still or to move.

One type of force that you might already know is called gravity.

Gravity is what pulls us to Earth.

It's invisible.

You can't see it, but you know it's there.

Let's make a prediction.

Try this with me.

Hold up your pen or pencil.

What do you think is going to happen when we let go of this pen or pencil?

Have you made a prediction?

Let's try it.

3, 2, 1... Why did the pen or pencil drop to the floor?

It's because of gravity.

It's because that is pulling us towards Earth.

A way I like to remember vocabulary like the word "forces" is to act it out.

And my students think that I'm kind of crazy for doing this.

But try it with me.

You can stand or stay seated.

A force is a push or pull on an object.

Let's try it again.

A force is a push or pull on an object -- push or pull on an object.

And that's how I remember it.

This is my assistant, Roger.

He's a 3-month-old puppy.

Roger, you're going to demonstrate forces with me, okay?

So, he is grabbing the toy, and he is going to pull it in his direction.

I'm trying to pull it in my direction.

So there you go.

He has -- it's a push or pull of this object.

And who's going to win out?

I give up.

You can take it.

Forces can cause an object to speed up, slow down, or change direction.

Now, speed up, slow down, change direction -- that's a lot to say.

So there's a word that we use for that in science.

It's called "acceleration."

So objects can accelerate when there's a force pushing or pulling on it.

It can speed up, slow down, or change direction.

And you bet I have another way to remember this one.

Acceleration.

Say it with me.

Speed up.

Slow down.

Or -- you guessed it -- Roger, change direction.

Try it with me -- acceleration.

Speed up.

Go fast, fast, fast, fast, fast!

Slow down.

Waugh!

Or change direction.

I'm changing direction.

Oh, don't change too -- Okay.

Whoo!

Okay, I'm good.

Let's try it one more time.

Acceleration -- speed up -- whoo!

-- slow down, or change direction.

Awesome.

My assistant, Roger, and I aren't taking a break, even though it's pretty nice to sit down, right, Roger?

We actually want to talk about Newton's first law of motion.

Newton's first law of motion says that an object at rest stays at rest.

We're at rest right now.

Aren't we?

That remote right in front of me is at rest.

That means it's not moving.

Move!

Come on, remote.

It's not listening to me.

It's not going to move.

I can leave it there for a day.

I can leave it there for a week.

I can leave it there for a month.

And it's not going to move.

The object is at rest.

There's only one way to make that object move, and that's to have some type of outside force come and move it.

Roger, go get the remote.

Roger.

He's not cooperating.

Sorry about that.

I'm going to pick up this remote, and all of a sudden, the remote is moving.

You can wave it around.

Don't throw it, and don't change the channel.

When I put it back down, it's at rest again.

Force of gravity is pushing it down, the table's supporting it underneath, and it's just gonna stay at rest.

Hmm.

At rest.

It's a nice idea.

We have a book right here, as well.

The book -- you guessed it -- is at rest.

It's going to stay at rest until an outside force comes in and moves it.

It can speed it up, slow it down, or change direction.

So, I'm going to be that outside force.

So this object is read at rest, and it's going to stay at rest until I accelerate it.

Now, it didn't go very far.

It has a lot of other forces acting on it, as well -- the table, gravity is pushing it down.

But I can easily pick it up.

It's not that heavy.

It doesn't have a lot of mass.

Open it.

And now it's in motion until I put it down again.

Now it's at rest.

The other part of Newton's first law of Motion states that an object in motion stays in motion.

So if an object is already moving, it's going to stay in motion.

It's going to go at the same speed, in the same direction, until something stops it, until there is an outside force that stops it.

So, I'm here at the sink, and I have the water that I'm turning on.

And, hopefully, you're doing this often, where you are washing your hands.

But as you can see, the water is running.

It's in motion.

It's moving at the same speed, in the same direction.

Now, I'm going to keep it on while I wash my hands.

And as you can see, it's still going to be in motion at a constant -- or the same speed.

And I'm washing my hands.

♪ Happy birthday to you ♪ ♪ Happy birthday to you ♪ ♪ Happy -- ♪ Okay.

Enough of that.

As you can see, it's still in motion, but I'm going to be the outside force that stops it because we don't want to keep the water running and waste any water.

That's Newton's first law of motion.

Well, I'm back here on the couch to explain one more thing about Newton's first law of motion.

It's also called the law of inertia.

That's kind of a scary word -- i-ner-tia.

I-ner-tia.

All inertia is, is the idea that any object stays doing what it's already doing.

So, for example, this pillow -- this pillow is at rest.

It's not doing anything.

It's going to stay not doing anything.

So the only way it's going to move is if some outside force pushes or pulls it -- like me.

The same thing goes for objects in motion.

They're going to keep going at the same speed, in the same direction, until some outside force slows them down, speeds them up, or changes the direction.

Inertia is a tricky thing to understand.

But don't worry -- I'm going to show you a couple examples.

This first one, you can try with me at home.

All you need is a pillow, so you can take the pillow off your couch and stand up.

The pillow, like every object, has inertia.

That just means it's going to stay doing what it's doing until something else changes.

So if it's in motion, it's going to keep moving.

If it's at rest, it's going to stay at rest.

So, let's watch what happens when I put the pillow on my head.

Now, see if you can balance it.

And as you can see, the pillow, as well as myself, we are both at rest.

Now I want you to put the pillow on your head, and we're going to actually start moving.

We're going to accelerate.

And then we're going to move at a constant speed.

So when I accelerate, I'm going to speed up.

What do you think's going to happen to the pillow?

Is it going to stay on my head?

Is it going to move somewhere else?

Let's find out.

Ready?

3, 2, 1... >> [ Distorted ] Go!

>> What just happened?

As you can see, I started accelerating.

Remember acceleration?

Speed up, slow down, or change direction.

As you saw, I started accelerating really fast.

The pillow was not going as fast.

It has inertia, and so it did not stay on my head, because that inertia was holding it back, and therefore it fell off my head.

If you didn't get a chance to try the pillow trick, I suggest trying it because it's a lot of fun.

But remember to always get the permission of a trusted adult first.

There's one more thing I want to show you with the pillow.

If you put it back on your head, now, this time, we're going to try moving and then coming to a quick stop.

Okay?

If I start moving and then I go to a quick stop, what do you think's going to happen?

I'd like you to make a prediction.

So if I'm moving and I come to a stop quickly, what's going to happen to the pillow?

Is the pillow gonna stop with me?

What's it going to do?

Make a prediction as I balance this crazy pillow on my head.

Let's try it.

Have your prediction?

Alright, here I go.

3, 2, 1... What just happened?

As the pillow was on my head and I was in motion, the pillow and myself were both moving.

However, when I came to a quick stop, there was nothing to stop the pillow, so it kept going.

That's the whole idea of inertia.

The pillow stayed in motion until gravity pushed it down.

That is the same reason that we have seat belts in cars.

Think about the last time you were in a car.

Has there ever been a time when you were wearing a seat belt -- of course -- and your car came to a quick stop?

What happens?

Your body moves forward.

Why does that happen?

Think about it.

The car is moving, and you are moving while you're in the car.

When the car comes to a stop, it does that because it has brakes.

But you're still moving, and that's why we need seat belts, because of inertia.

That's the same reason that we have seat belts in cars, because we all have inertia.

Every object has inertia.

So, when we're in a car, the car is moving, and so are we.

When the car stops, we would keep going because there's nothing to stop us.

That's why we need those seat belts to keep us safe.

This brings us back to that STEM challenge that I was doing at the beginning of the lesson.

As you can see, I have a cup, a postcard, and a quarter resting on top of that postcard.

Gravity is pushing down on all these items.

The table is supporting the cup.

The cup is supporting the postcard.

And the postcard is supporting the quarter.

All of them right now are at rest.

They are not doing anything.

However, if I come in as the outside force and flick this postcard, what do you think is going to happen?

I'll give you a second to make a prediction.

Have your prediction?

So let's see what happens.

So I'm going to flick the postcard, and we're going to see what happens to the quarter, so eyes on the quarter.

Ready?

Here we go.

>> [ Distorted ] 3, 2, 1... >> What just happened?

Why didn't the quarter go with the postcards?

It's because the quarter, like every other object, has inertia, and that kept it doing what it was doing.

It was at rest, and it stayed at rest for a split second until gravity pushed it down into the cup.

Pretty cool, huh?

One more activity that you can try to show inertia and Newton's first law at home is the inertia coin drop.

It's a challenge.

It's a STEM challenge, and it takes a little bit of practice.

But try it right now if you can pick up a coin or whatever small item that you got when you first got your materials.

I'll give you a moment to get that now.

Now that you have your item, we are going to try it.

Make sure your item is not breakable, and make sure that you have the permission of a trusted adult.

You are going to put your elbow up, kind of pointing -- pointy elbows.

Sorry.

Right here, I'm going to put the object, my quarter.

Could be a penny, could be a dime -- anything -- on my elbow.

And what I'm going to try to do is catch it.

I'm going to move my elbow down, and I'm going to try to catch the quarter.

Do you think I can do it?

Oops.

Let's try that again.

I did it!

I can't believe it.

Sometimes I surprise myself.

You can give it a try, too.

If you don't get it right away, don't worry.

Don't give up.

Keep practicing, and you'll get it.

Now let's talk about how the coin-drop challenge relates to Newton's first law of motion, the law of inertia.

I put the quarter on my elbow.

Remember, the quarter, like everything else, has inertia.

I put it on my elbow, and it was at rest.

When I moved my elbow, it was an outside force that suddenly moves the quarter, as well.

However, the quarter has inertia, and it wants to stay doing what it's doing.

Its inertia gave me just enough time to catch the quarter as it was dropping because the force of gravity was pushing it down.

I'm going to give you a little time right now to try it for yourself.

[ Coin clinks ] >> ♪ Motion, direction, acceleration ♪ ♪ Motion, direction, acceleration ♪ ♪ I've got speed ♪ ♪ Motion, direction, acceleration ♪ ♪ Motion, direction, acceleration ♪ ♪ I've got speed ♪ ♪ Motion, direction, acceleration ♪ ♪ Motion, direction, accelera-- ♪ >> Together: Yay!

>> And now it's time to take a quick musical dance break.

Introducing viral YouTube sensation "Sally Sings," with her hit song, "Inertia."

Check it out.

[ Music to Taylor Swift's "Shake It Off" plays ] >> ♪ Objects on the go ♪ ♪ Are always on the go ♪ ♪ At least that's what Newton says ♪ ♪ Mm, mm ♪ ♪ That's what Newton says ♪ ♪ Mm, mm ♪ ♪ When objects are at rest ♪ ♪ They always stay at rest ♪ ♪ At least that's what Newton says ♪ ♪ Mm, mm ♪ ♪ That's what Newton says ♪ ♪ Mm, mm ♪ ♪ Objects keep cruisin' ♪ ♪ Can't stop, won't stop movin' ♪ ♪ Until an outside force ♪ ♪ Gets in their way ♪ ♪ Saying, "Time to accelerate" ♪ ♪ 'Cause an object's gonna move, move, move, move, move ♪ ♪ Or an object's gonna stay, stay, stay, stay, stay ♪ ♪ And I'm just gonna stay, stay, stay, stay, stay ♪ ♪ It's inertia, inertia ♪ >> Hope you enjoyed that musical break.

Now we're back, talking about Newton's second law of motion.

Let's just review Newton's first law of motion.

Remember, an object at rest stays at rest until an outside force acts on it.

An object in motion stays in motion until an outside force acts on it.

Newton's second law talks about the mass of an object and how much force you need in order to move different objects that are heavier or lighter than one another.

Let's talk about mass.

Mass is how much matter is in an object.

You might have heard of this word before.

Matter is just the stuff in an object.

Everything in the world is made of stuff.

I have a golf ball here and a Ping-Pong ball.

They both have different amounts of matter.

Which one do you think is heavier?

Which one do you think has more mass?

Let me give you a hint.

The Ping-Pong ball is hollow inside.

The golf ball is solid.

So the Ping-Pong ball has nothing in it.

The golf ball is filled with matter, or stuff.

So, which one do you think?

You got it.

The golf ball is actually heavier.

It has more mass because it has more stuff in it.

And that makes a big difference for Newton's second law of motion.

Newton's second law says that, when an object gets pushed or pulled by an outside force, it takes more force for an object to move if it has more mass.

Think about it.

Think how easy it is for me to lift this pillow.

Not -- [ Groans ] Just kidding.

Very light.

Right?

I can pick it up, throw it.

No big deal.

However, how about I try to pick up this table?

[ Grunts ] [ Laughs ] Which one do you think has more mass?

This table definitely does.

So I would need more force to pick it up and throw it up in the air, and I wouldn't want to do that because that's not safe.

But the difference between the two is the table has more mass.

The pillow has less mass.

So I need more force to move this table than I do to move that pillow.

Now, let me show you a simple experiment, simple demonstration with the golf ball and the Ping-Pong ball.

So, I have created a little ramp out of what I have at home.

So you can try any type of experiment with anything that you have at home to test out any of your ideas.

If I place this on these coasters -- again, something else I have at home -- notice it becomes a ramp.

So, now what I'm going to do is I'm going to put the golf ball at the edge of the ramp and place it right there.

I am now going to put the Ping-Pong ball at the top.

And I'm going to roll this Ping-Pong ball down the ramp.

I'm going to release it -- not push it, just release it.

And the force of gravity will push it down.

I want to ask you, when I release this Ping-Pong ball and it hits that golf ball, will the golf ball move?

Have you made your prediction?

Let's find out what happens.

Here we go.

3, 2, 1... What just happened?

Well, not a whole lot, because the golf ball has more mass.

So it didn't move because I did not give enough force for that golf ball to move.

Now I have a ping pong ball at the bottom of the ramp.

Remember, the ping pong ball has less mass.

I'm still going to use a Ping-Pong ball to roll down the ramp to keep it consistent.

So now I want to ask you, when I release this ball at the top of the ramp and it rolls down and hits the Ping-Pong ball, will that Ping-Pong ball move?

Remember, the golf ball didn't move.

Do you think that Ping-Pong ball is going to move?

Will it accelerate?

Will it move?

Here we go.

Whoo!

Was your prediction correct?

The Ping-Pong ball was able to bump into the other Ping-Pong ball and move it.

The Ping-Pong ball has less mass.

Therefore, it has less inertia.

It's easier to move.

The golf ball is not as easy to move because it has more mass.

So, now we have to think of a way to make this golf ball move.

How could we change this experiment in order to make the golf ball move?

What do we need?

Have you thought of anything yet?

I can use Newton's second law of motion to make that golf ball move.

I need more force.

When an object has more mass, when it's heavier, it needs more force in order to get it to change its position, in order to get it to move, or accelerate.

So, I happen to have a lot of coasters.

So, what I'm going to do is I'm going to pile these coasters up.

Now that I've piled my coasters up, I have increased the amount of force that this Ping-Pong ball is going to have.

How did I do that?

I made the ramp higher so that gravity can pull it down and give it more force.

And this Ping-Pong ball is actually going to accelerate.

It's going to speed up quicker.

And let's see if it's going to move that golf ball.

What do you think?

Make a prediction.

Is the golf ball going to stay where it is, stay at rest, or is it going to move?

Let's try it.

Have you made your prediction yet?

Let's try it.

Here we go.

3, 2, 1... We just proved Newton's second law of motion.

Because we lifted the ramp up, we increased the force of the Ping-Pong ball.

And so when it hit the golf ball, it was able to make it move.

More force can move that higher mass.

Now, one last thing.

Let's try rolling this Ping-Pong ball down with a Ping-Pong ball at the bottom.

Now, remember what happened last time?

Try to make a prediction about what's going to happen this time to the Ping-Pong ball.

Alright.

Got that prediction?

Let's try it.

Whoo!

As you can see, the Ping-Pong ball accelerated quicker than it did when the ramp was lower.

Because it had more force, it accelerated faster.

Pretty cool, huh?

Alright.

Well, let's take a break and go to our musical sensation, Sally Sings.

Check her out.

>> ♪ When an outside force ♪ ♪ Makes an object go ♪ ♪ It will accelerate ♪ ♪ Mm, mm ♪ ♪ It will accelerate ♪ ♪ Mm, mm ♪ ♪ How far will it go?

♪ ♪ The force and mass will show ♪ ♪ More mass needs more force ♪ ♪ Mm, mm ♪ ♪ More mass needs more force ♪ ♪ Mm, mm ♪ ♪ Objects keep cruisin' ♪ ♪ Can't stop, won't stop groovin' ♪ ♪ Until an outside force ♪ ♪ Gets in their way ♪ ♪ Saying, "Time to accelerate" ♪ ♪ 'Cause an object's gonna move, move, move, move, move ♪ ♪ Or an object's gonna stay, stay, stay, stay, stay ♪ ♪ Objects gonna stay, stay, stay, stay, stay ♪ ♪ It's inertia, inertia ♪ >> Sally Sings is great, isn't she?

Now we're onto Newton's third and final law of motion.

But let's just recap Newton's second law of motion.

We saw that an object with more mass, an object that's heavier, needs more force to push it or pull it and get it to move.

We also saw that an object needs more force in order for it to have greater acceleration, meaning in order for it to speed up quicker.

Now, let's get to Newton's third and final law of motion.

It is, for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

You might have heard of that before.

But what does it really mean?

It means that forces actually come in pairs, meaning they come in twos.

There's always an action, and there's always a reaction -- kind of like cause and effect in English class.

Action, reaction.

For example, I am standing at rest on this floor.

When I push down on the floor, I end up going up.

My action of pushing down on the floor actually causes the floor to push slightly up towards me.

Isn't that wild?

So when I push down, I can go up.

If the floor didn't have that reaction, I wouldn't be able to go up.

Why don't you give it a try at home?

Stand up and you can try it with your very own two feet.

Push down.

Jump up.

So you're pushing down.

The reason you're not going through the floor is the floor is pushing back up at you.

Push down -- action.

Go up -- reaction.

Here's another thing you can try to test out Newton's third law of motion.

Go to any wall in your house.

I'll give you a second to do that.

>> ♪ Motion, direction, acceleration ♪ ♪ Motion, direction, acceleration ♪ ♪ I've got speed ♪ ♪ Motion, direction, acceleration ♪ [ Music fades out ] >> When you're there, put your hands on the wall at a comfortable position.

Now you are going to push on the wall.

That's the action.

And then, as you push on the wall harder and harder, the wall is going to push back on you -- reaction.

Let's give it a try.

See what happens?

I pushed on the wall, and the wall pushed back on me, and I ended up going backwards.

Here's a little demonstration to show you Newton's third law of motion.

I set up some floss from my bathroom.

I set up a straw and a little piece of tape.

This is the only balloon I had.

But it's going to work.

So, it has air in it already, and I am going to attach it to the bottom of my straw.

Now, what do you think is going to happen when I release this balloon?

Where is the air gonna go and what's gonna happen to the balloon?

Make a prediction.

[ Whooshing ] What just happened?

Well, the balloon had air in it, and that air was released going that way.

That was the action.

And as the reaction, the balloon actually sailed this way.

Isn't that pretty cool?

So, for every action, there's an equal but opposite -- meaning it's going the other way -- an equal but opposite reaction.

Cool stuff.

>> Hey, hey, hey.

Just while you've been thinking and learned of all the pushes and pulls of the world, you could've been getting down to this...sick...beat.

♪ Forces always come in pairs ♪ ♪ I'm like, "Oh, my God" ♪ ♪ Always in twos ♪ ♪ Every reaction has a reaction ♪ ♪ Always equal but opposite-sit-sit ♪ ♪ So then I'm just gonna move, move, move, move, move ♪ ♪ I'm just gonna stay, stay, stay, stay, stay ♪ ♪ I'm just gonna shake, shake, shake, shake, shake ♪ ♪ Inertia, inertia ♪ ♪ Or I'm just gonna move, move, move, move, move ♪ ♪ Or I'm just gonna stay, stay, stay, stay, stay ♪ ♪ I'm just gonna shake, shake, shake, shake, shake ♪ ♪ It's inertia, inertia ♪ ♪ Inertia, inertia ♪ ♪ Inertia, inertia ♪ ♪ Inertia, inertia ♪ >> And now it's time for "Professor Imhofski's Trivia Scramble."

[ Slow game show music plays, applause ] >> Hello, scientists.

I'm Professor Imhofski.

And this is my "Trivia Scramble."

Ready to play?

♪♪ Here are the rules of the game.

Use what you have learned about Newton's laws to answer the trivia questions.

Write down the letter of each correct answer.

Then unscramble the letters to discover the mystery word!

Have your piece of paper and something to write with.

All ready to go.

Let's get started.

Question one.

Newton's first law states that objects at rest will stay at -- A, rest, B, home, or C, school?

Final answer?

It's A, rest!

Write down the letter A. Marvelous job.

♪♪ Question two.

Newton's first law states that objects in motion will stay in -- E, shape, F, the sun, or G, motion?

Final answer?

It's G, motion!

Write down the letter G. Tremendous job!

Question three.

Newton's first law states that objects keep doing what they are doing unless acted on by an outside -- I, force, J, idea, K, rest?

Final answer?

It's I, force!

Write down the letter I. Fantastic.

Question four.

Every object stays at rest or stays moving at the same speed unless something makes it change.

This is called -- Q, friction, R, inertia, S, mass?

Final answer?

It's R, inertia!

Brilliant job.

Please write down the letter R.

♪♪ When an object accelerates, this means that the object -- R, changes speed, S changes direction, or T, speeds up, slows down, or changes direction?

Final answer?

It's T, speeds up, slows down, or changes direction!

Please write down the letter T. Tremendous effort.

Keep up the good work.

Question six.

Newton's second law states that an object with more what needs more force to accelerate -- V, more mass, W, more edges, or X, more time?

Final answer?

It's V, more mass!

Please write down the letter V. Fabulous.

Fabulous job.

And question seven.

Newton's third law states that every action has an equal and opposite what -- X, person, Y, reaction, Z, idea?

Final answer.

It's Y, reaction!

Write down the letter Y. Excellent job.

And now we have our letters.

It is time to solve the trivia scramble!

Here we go.

Unscramble your letters.

Can you guess the mystery word?

Here we go.

♪♪ Keep trying.

You can do it.

♪♪ Don't give up.

I know you can do it.

♪♪ 10 seconds.

♪♪ Final answer?

♪♪ It's "gravity"!

You did it.

Outstanding job.

Well, fellow scientists, bravo.

I have for you a virtual first-place ribbon.

[ Applause ] Thanks so much for playing.

This has been Professor Imhofski.

And like I say, Imhofski out.

>> And we're back.

Isn't that Professor Imhofski a riot?

People say she looks like me, but I just don't see it.

Now we're going to wrap up our study of Newton's three laws of motion with an activity.

We're going to make a paper airplane.

How often do you get to do that in school?

So, you might know how to make a paper airplane.

already, but I'm just going to show you a simple example.

You can do any type of paper airplane that you want.

The sky's the limit -- pun intended.

So, here we go.

We have our piece of paper.

So just grab that piece of paper.

You're going to fold it vertically in half, up and down like a hot dog.

Be sure to really get the crease.

Then, open it up like a book and put it back down.

Smooth it out.

Now you're going to take one side, one point, and you're gonna fold it down... and make a small triangle.

Crease it down really well at the top.

When you're done with that, you're going to crease down the other side.

Make a triangle.

Okay, it doesn't have to be perfect.

It's actually better if it's not perfect because it's all about trial and error.

Alright.

So, you should have those two creases done.

Now you're going to take this corner that you just made, and you're going to fold that over into the middle, and you're gonna crease it down.

Now, this part gets a little more difficult, and take your time with it.

Crease it down.

And so you have one side into the middle.

We want to do the other side into the middle.

Crease it really well.

And that is what the next part looks like.

Next step, you're going to fold it up and make it start looking like an airplane.

Now, this airplane is missing wings.

So we need to make those wings.

You can make them as big as you want.

So, you take that back corner of the plane.

Fold it down as much as you want.

I like to fold so it overlaps and comes kind of down over the plane.

Then I flip the other side, do the same thing.

So, notice how you're doing the same thing on each side.

And that is what your plane should look like when it's flattened like that.

Now, when you're done, you want to flap those wings up.

And that is what the paper airplane should look like, or, again, yours can look however you want it to.

Just see how it flies.

So, if you have a piece of tape -- not required, but if you have a piece of tape, take a little piece of tape or glue or anything to kind of keep it together -- paper clip at the back, whatever you want.

And you can paper-clip or you can put the tape on the top right here.

So, now that we have our paper airplane, we're going to recap Newton's three laws of motion.

Let's start with the first law of motion.

Do you remember it?

An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion unless some outside force acts on it and changes it.

Okay.

So, how do we do that?

We're just going to throw our paper airplane and see what happens.

Here we go.

[ Warbling ] Did you see that plane go?

How did yours look?

Well, let's recap Newton's first law of motion.

I was the outside force that made this plane move.

If I were just to set this paper airplane down on the desk, nothing would happen.

It would stay at rest.

But I picked it up.

Fortunately, it doesn't have a lot of mass, so it doesn't have a lot of inertia.

It's easy to throw.

And when I threw it, I was the outside force that put it into motion.

Now, if I were to throw this airplane in space, it would keep going at the same speed, in the same direction, forever.

However, because I am on Earth, there's forces like gravity and the air that we're breathing right now... [ Inhales deeply ] ...that stop the plane.

So the object's in motion until there's an outside force that stops it.

That's Newton's first law.

Newton's second law we can also show with the airplane if you have something to add mass to.

So, I'm going to take my... quarters.

You can slip them in there, okay, to add some weight.

Maybe just put some tape in there so they don't come out.

And now I have just added mass to my paper airplane.

The plane is now heavier.

Remember, when I have more mass, according to Newton's second law, I'm going to need more force to throw this paper airplane.

Let's see what happens.

[ Warbling ] [ Coins clink ] So, that's Newton's second law.

Did you see what happened?

I used about the same amount of force, but because it had more mass, it didn't go as far.

It had greater inertia.

So it was harder to throw and to throw accurately.

Now, for Newton's final law, third law of motion is, for every action, there's an equal but opposite reaction.

We can also show this.

First, we got to get these quarters out.

Take your quarters out and go to a wall.

I'll meet you there in a sec.

Okay, for Newton's third law, we're going to get close up to a wall, and we're gonna try to hit the wall with the nose of the plane as precise as we can, and we're gonna see what happens.

Here we go.

[ Boing! ]

Did you see what happened?

That was awesome!

When I threw the plane into the wall, the plane hitting the wall was the action, and the wall pushing back on the plane was the reaction, showing Newton's third law -- for every action, there's an equal but opposite reaction.

And that's why the plane bounced off the wall.

So awesome.

So, today we've been looking at the question, what causes objects to move or stay at rest?

And why did they move?

Why do they do what they do?

Newton's three laws of motion can help answer that.

And I hope you've had fun with me testing out his three laws and how they work with different objects.

During these times, but we're all at home.

I encourage you to be in motion, moving around, going outside, thinking, learning something new.

And I also encourage you to be at rest, relaxing, taking a break, and taking some time for yourself.

Thank you so much for joining me today.

I have had a blast.

And you did an amazing job.

As I would say to my students when I close out class, Imhof out.

See you later.